Delineation and Characteisation of Agro-Ecoregion

N A T P
Task Force on Prioritization, Monitoring & Evaluation

PME NOTES 6

Delineation and Characterisation of Agro-Ecoregion
Raka Saxena, Suresh Pal and P.K.Joshi*

January 2001

The production system research (PSR) under the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) is contemplated for applied and adaptive research for a well-defined target domain. It examines and prioritizes research needs of a production system taking care of all sub-systems like crops, livestock, natural resources and socio-economic, and their inter-linkages. A multi-disciplinary and system-based research design is the unique feature of this approach. This is in significant contrast to the conventional research planning approach based on disciplines and commodities.

Why Agro-Ecoregional Approach?

An agro-ecoregion (or agro-ecosystem) is a homogenous geographical area. The production environment of the region in terms of agro-climate, resource endowments and socio-economic conditions is homogenous, and majority of the farmers have similar production constraints and research needs. Specific advantages of agro-ecoregional approach for research planning are:
(i) better identification of production constraints and research needs,
(ii) better targeting of prospective technologies,
(iii) improved assessment of farmers’ responses to new technologies, and
(iv) wider adoption and larger impact of research outputs. Accordingly, the NATP has divided the entire country into 5 broad agro-ecosystems (namely Arid, Coastal, Hill & Mountain, Irrigated and Rainfed). These are further divided into 14 production systems. This note delineates, maps and characterizes these agro-ecosystems and production systems in a more systematic and objective manner.

Framework for the Delineation

A number of attempts have been made in the past to delineate different agro-climatic regions of the country (for example, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning (NBSSLUP), Planning Commission, National Agricultural Research Project, and International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). The NBSSLUP’s classification was primarily based on agro-climatic factors, while others incorporated socio-economic variables as well. The framework used here has incorporated key elements of all the past approaches. The specific steps used for the delineation are:

Arid, Coastal and Hill & Mountain Agro-ecoregions delineated by the NBSSLUP were retained as such, as topography, soil type and climate largely determine agricultural activities in these regions.

The remaining districts were classified into irrigated and rainfed agro-ecosystems based on the extent of irrigated area. The districts having 40 per cent or more irrigated area were included in the Irrigated Agro-ecosystem and the remaining districts were set in the Rainfed Agro-ecosystem.

To identify production systems, all districts within an agro-ecosystem were grouped using cluster analysis. We used cropping pattern for cluster analysis because it is a result of all climatic, physical and socio-economic factors. The sub-regions of Hill & Mountain and Coastal Agro-ecosystems were retained as production systems as effect of external interventions like irrigation is slow and limited, owing to topography, soils and climatic conditions of these regions.

To maintain contiguity, scattered districts were merged with the dominant agro-ecosystem or production system. The major changes on this account were made in the rainfed rice-based production system.

Characterization

As seen from the maps, the delineated production systems cut across administrative boundaries, suggesting a need for closer linkages between research institutions, particularly SAUs. The salient characteristics of the agro-ecosystems and production systems reveal three broad patterns (Table 1). First, livestock contributes significantly to agricultural output in all the production systems, and therefore, R&D strategy must consider crop-livestock linkages. Second, research strategy may differ between high input use-high productivity regions (Irrigated and Coastal ecosystems) and low input use-low productivity regions (Rainfed and Arid ecosystems). Third, pearl millet- and horticultural-based production systems of the Arid and Hill Agro-ecosystems, respectively, have very low productivity and high incidence of rural illiteracy. These fragile systems need more research efforts than that justified by their economic significance. List of districts in each agro-ecosystem and production system is given in Table 2.

Table 1
Characterization of agro-ecosystems and production systems, triennium average ending 1994-95

Agro-
ecosystem/
Production system
NCA as % of GA
Forest area as % of GA

Irriga
tion inte
nsity (GLA as % of GCA)

Rai
nfall (mm)

NPK use (kg/ha)

Road density (persons
/sqkm)

Popu
lation
density
(pers
ons/
sqkm)

Rural illiteracy (%)

Major pulse crop

Value of agriculture output (Rs)

Share of livestock in total value of output (%)**

Rs/ha Rs/capita

Arid

44
(8)

4

18

518

22

17

83

73

Greengram

907

454

49
(Sheep+Goats)

Pearl millet-
based

46
(4)

3

19

472

9

16

86

11

Greengram

591

315

55
(Sheep)

Pearl millet-
oilseeds-
based

42
(4)

5

17

585

35

17

79

67

Chickpea

1327

659

43
(Sheep)

Coastal

41
(6)

24

47

1589

101

83

407

57

Greengram

5775

879

17
(Buffalo+Cattle+
Sheep)

Rice-gnut-
fruits-
based (EC)

45
(5)

21

51

1068

107

86

363

59

Greengram

6022

970

15
(Buffalo+Sheep)

Coconut-rice-
fruits-
based (WC)

25
(1)

33

15

2827

54

73

521

45

Blackgram

4392

531

25
(Cattle+Buffalo)

Hill &
Mountain

18
(3)

32

19

1825

40

75

188

61

Blackgram

4027

706

36
(Sheep+Goats+
Cattle)

Horticulture-
based

22
(<1)

<1

41

<150

19

3

11

78

Nil

3696

457

25
(Sheep)

Rice-maize-
fruits-based
(NE)

13
(2)

20

9

4008

31

4

588

65

Blackgram

4853

814

23
(Sheep)

Rice- wheat
-fruits-based (NW)

14
(1)

51

19

>1500

52

16

111

55

Blackgram

3357

619

51
(Cattle+Buffalo)

Irrigated

68
(23)

7

64

725

104

57

550

69

Chickpea

4941

924

34
(Buffalo+Goats)

Rice- wheat-
based

66
(17)

8

62

752

108

62

573

69

Chickpea

4915

828

34
(Buffalo+Goats)

Cotton-wheat-
based

76
(4)

3

63

430

74

39

281

66

Chickpea

4470

1733

39
(Buffalo+Sheep)

Sugarcane-
wheat-
based

74
(2)

7

85

1080

142

34

681

70

Blackgram

6488

1194

29
(Buffalo)

Rainfed

52
(60)

18

26

7027

51

55

227

65

Chickpea

2724

776

28
(Cattle+Sheep+
Goats)

Rice-based

44
(22)

23

28

1140

43

65

245

69

Greengram

2709

679

27
(Cattle+Sheep+
Goats)

Coarse cereal-
based

62
(14)

12

21

949

65

70

239

59

Pigeonpea

2873

984

28
(Sheep+Goats+
Cattle)

Oilseeds-
based

53
(16)

15

28

846

46

31

195

70

Chickpea

2809

783

31
(Buffalo+Cattle+
Sheep)

Cotton-based

65
(8)

15

20

1124

64

46

240

55

Pigeonpea

2353

733

26
(Buffalo+Goats)

NCA:    net cropped area;
GA:    geographical area;
GIA:    gross irrigated area;
GCA:    gross cropped area;
EC:    east coast;
WC:    west coast;
NE:    north-east;
NW:    north-west.
*    Figures in parentheses are percentage shares of agro-ecosystem/production system to the national NCA.
**    Names in parentheses indicate major livestock activities.

Table 2.
List of districts in various agro-ecosystems (AES) and production systems

AES

Production system

State

District

Arid

Pearl millet-based

Rajasthan

Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Sikar, Sirohi

Pearl millet-oilseeds-based

Gujarat

Banaskantha, Jamnagar, Kutch, Rajkot

Rajasthan

Bikaner, Churu

Coastal

Rice-gnut-fruits-based (EC)

Union Territories

Andaman & Nicobar, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry

Andhra Pradesh

East Godavari, Guntur, Krishna, Nellore, Prakasam, Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, Vizyanagaram, West Godavari

Orissa

Baleshwar, Cuttack, Ganjam, Puri

Tamil Nadu

Chengai Anna, Madras, Ramanathapuram, South Arcot, Thanjavur

Coconut-rice-fruits-based (WC)

Goa

North and South Goa

Karnataka

Dakshin Kannada, Uttar Kannada

Kerala

Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Idukki, Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Thiruvanathapuram, Thrissur, Wayanad

Maharashtra

Bombay, Raigarh, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Thane

Tamil Nadu

Kanyakumari

Hill & Mountain

Horticulture-based

Himachal Pradesh

Kinnaur, Lahul Spiti

Jammu & Kashmir

Gilgit, Kargil, Ladakh

Rice-maize-fruits-based (NE)

North-east states

Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura

Assam

Cachar, Hailakandi, Karbi-Anglong, Karimganj, N.C. Hills

West Bengal

Darjiling, Jalpaiguri

Rice-wheat-fruits-based (NW)

Himachal Pradesh

Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan, Una

Jammu & Kashmir

Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula, Chilas, Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Kupwara, Mirpur, Pulwama, Punch, Rajauri, Srinagar, Udhampur

Uttar Pradesh

Almora, Chamoli, Dehradun, Garhwal, Nainital, Pithoragarh, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarkashi

Irrigated

Rice-wheat- based

Bihar

Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Darbhanga, Gaya, Gopalganj, Jehanabad, Khagaria, Madhepura, Madhubani, Munger, Muzaffarpur, Nalanda, Newada, Pashchim Champaran, Patna, Purbi Champaran, Purnea, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Saran, Siwan, Vaishali

Haryana

Ambala, Faridabad, Jind, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Sonipat

Punjab

Amritsar, Firozpur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Patiala, Roopnagar, Sangrur

Uttar Pradesh

Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Azamgarh, Bahraich, Ballia, Barabanki, Bareilly, Basti, Budaun, Bulandshahar, Deoria, Etah, Etawah, Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fatehpur, Firozabad, Ghazipur, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Kanpur(Rural and Urban), Kheri, Lucknow, Maharajganj, Mainpuri, Mathura, Mau, Mirzapur, Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rae-bareli, Rampur, Shahjahanpur, Siddharthanagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Unnao, Varanasi

West Bengal

Bardhaman, Birbhum, Calcutta, Haora, Hugli, Maldah, Murshidabad, Nadia, 24 Parganas (North and South)

Cotton-wheat- based

Haryana

Bhiwani, Gurgaon, Hissar, Mahendragarh, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa

Punjab

Bhatinda and Faridkot

Rajasthan

Alwar, Bharatpur, Ganganagar and Jaipur

Sugarcane-wheat-based

Haryana

Yamunanagar

Uttar Pradesh

Bijnor, Ghaziabad, Haridwar, Meerut, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur.

Rainfed

Rice-based

Andhra Pradesh

Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddi, Warangal

Assam

Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Darrang, Dhemji, Dhubri, Dibrugarh, Goalpara, Golaghat, Jorhat, Kamrup, Kokrajhar, Lakhimpur, Marigaon, Nagaon, Nalbari, Sibsagar, Sonitpur, Tinsukia

Bihar

Deoghar, Dhanbad, Dumka, Giridh, Godda, Gumla, Hazaribag, Katihar, Kishangunj, Lohardagga, Palamu, Singhbhum(East and West), Ranchi, Araria, Sahibganj and Sitamarhi

Madhya Pradesh

Balaghat, Bastar, Bilaspur, Damoh, Durg, Jabalpur, Mandla, Panna, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, Surguja

Maharashtra

Bhandara, Gadchiroli

Orissa

Bolangir, Dhenkanal, Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Phulbani, Sambalpur, Sundergarh

Tamil Nadu

Chidambaranar, Coimbatore, Dindigul Anna, Kamarajar, Madurai, Nilgiri, North Arcot, Pasumpon Thevar, Periyar, Puddukottai, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai

West Bengal

Purulia, West Dinajpur, Bankura, Medinapur, Koch Bihar

Coarse cereal- based

Karnataka

Bangalore, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chikamagalur, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Gulbarga, Hassan, Kodagu, Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, Shimoga, Tumkur

Maharashtra

Ahmadnagar, Aurangabad, Beed, Dhule, Nasik, Jalna, Kolhapur, Latur, Osmanabad, Pune, Sangli, Satara and Solapur

Oilseed-based

Andhra Pradesh

Anantapur, Chittor, Cuddapah, Kurnool

Gujarat

Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagarh, Sabarkantha

Madhya Pradesh

Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, East Nimar, Guna, Gwalior, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Sagar, Sehore, Seoni, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Vidisha, West Nimar

Rajasthan

Ajmer, Banswara, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Dholpur, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kota, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur

Tamil Nadu

Dharmapuri, Salem

Uttar Pradesh

Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur

Cotton-based

Gujarat

Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Gandhinagar, Kheda, Mehsana, Panch Mahals, Surat, Surendranagar, The Dangs, Vadodara, Valsad

Maharashtra

Akola, Amravati, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Jalgaon, Nagpur, Nanded, Parbhani, Wardha, Yeotmal

Note:    The table includes all states and districts as existed in 1991.

Agro- ecosystem/ Production system	NCA as % of GA	Forest area as % of GA	Irriga tion inte nsity (GLA as % of GCA)	Rai nfall (mm)	NPK use (kg/ha)	Road density (persons /sqkm)	Popu lation density (pers ons/ sqkm)	Rural illiteracy (%)	Major pulse crop	Value of agriculture output (Rs)		Share of livestock in total value of output (%)**
Agro- ecosystem/ Production system	NCA as % of GA	Forest area as % of GA	Irriga tion inte nsity (GLA as % of GCA)	Rai nfall (mm)	NPK use (kg/ha)	Road density (persons /sqkm)	Popu lation density (pers ons/ sqkm)	Rural illiteracy (%)	Major pulse crop	Rs/ha	Rs/capita	Share of livestock in total value of output (%)**
Arid	44 (8)	4	18	518	22	17	83	73	Greengram	907	454	49 (Sheep+Goats)
Pearl millet- based	46 (4)	3	19	472	9	16	86	11	Greengram	591	315	55 (Sheep)
Pearl millet- oilseeds- based	42 (4)	5	17	585	35	17	79	67	Chickpea	1327	659	43 (Sheep)
Coastal	41 (6)	24	47	1589	101	83	407	57	Greengram	5775	879	17 (Buffalo+Cattle+ Sheep)
Rice-gnut- fruits- based (EC)	45 (5)	21	51	1068	107	86	363	59	Greengram	6022	970	15 (Buffalo+Sheep)
Coconut-rice- fruits- based (WC)	25 (1)	33	15	2827	54	73	521	45	Blackgram	4392	531	25 (Cattle+Buffalo)
Hill & Mountain	18 (3)	32	19	1825	40	75	188	61	Blackgram	4027	706	36 (Sheep+Goats+ Cattle)
Horticulture- based	22 (<1)	<1	41	<150	19	3	11	78	Nil	3696	457	25 (Sheep)
Rice-maize- fruits-based (NE)	13 (2)	20	9	4008	31	4	588	65	Blackgram	4853	814	23 (Sheep)
Rice- wheat -fruits-based (NW)	14 (1)	51	19	>1500	52	16	111	55	Blackgram	3357	619	51 (Cattle+Buffalo)
Irrigated	68 (23)	7	64	725	104	57	550	69	Chickpea	4941	924	34 (Buffalo+Goats)
Rice- wheat- based	66 (17)	8	62	752	108	62	573	69	Chickpea	4915	828	34 (Buffalo+Goats)
Cotton-wheat- based	76 (4)	3	63	430	74	39	281	66	Chickpea	4470	1733	39 (Buffalo+Sheep)
Sugarcane- wheat- based	74 (2)	7	85	1080	142	34	681	70	Blackgram	6488	1194	29 (Buffalo)
Rainfed	52 (60)	18	26	7027	51	55	227	65	Chickpea	2724	776	28 (Cattle+Sheep+ Goats)
Rice-based	44 (22)	23	28	1140	43	65	245	69	Greengram	2709	679	27 (Cattle+Sheep+ Goats)
Coarse cereal- based	62 (14)	12	21	949	65	70	239	59	Pigeonpea	2873	984	28 (Sheep+Goats+ Cattle)
Oilseeds- based	53 (16)	15	28	846	46	31	195	70	Chickpea	2809	783	31 (Buffalo+Cattle+ Sheep)
Cotton-based	65 (8)	15	20	1124	64	46	240	55	Pigeonpea	2353	733	26 (Buffalo+Goats)

AES	Production system	State	District
Arid	Pearl millet-based	Rajasthan	Barmer, Jaisalmer, Jalore, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Pali, Sikar, Sirohi
	Pearl millet-oilseeds-based	Gujarat	Banaskantha, Jamnagar, Kutch, Rajkot
	Pearl millet-oilseeds-based	Rajasthan	Bikaner, Churu
Coastal	Rice-gnut-fruits-based (EC)	Union Territories	Andaman & Nicobar, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry
		Andhra Pradesh	East Godavari, Guntur, Krishna, Nellore, Prakasam, Srikakulam, Vishakhapatnam, Vizyanagaram, West Godavari
		Orissa	Baleshwar, Cuttack, Ganjam, Puri
		Tamil Nadu	Chengai Anna, Madras, Ramanathapuram, South Arcot, Thanjavur
	Coconut-rice-fruits-based (WC)	Goa	North and South Goa
		Karnataka	Dakshin Kannada, Uttar Kannada
		Kerala	Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Idukki, Kannur, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Malappuram, Palakkad, Pathanamthitta, Thiruvanathapuram, Thrissur, Wayanad
		Maharashtra	Bombay, Raigarh, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Thane
		Tamil Nadu	Kanyakumari
Hill & Mountain	Horticulture-based	Himachal Pradesh	Kinnaur, Lahul Spiti
	Horticulture-based	Jammu & Kashmir	Gilgit, Kargil, Ladakh
	Rice-maize-fruits-based (NE)	North-east states	Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura
		Assam	Cachar, Hailakandi, Karbi-Anglong, Karimganj, N.C. Hills
		West Bengal	Darjiling, Jalpaiguri
	Rice-wheat-fruits-based (NW)	Himachal Pradesh	Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kullu, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan, Una
		Jammu & Kashmir	Anantnag, Badgam, Baramula, Chilas, Doda, Jammu, Kathua, Kupwara, Mirpur, Pulwama, Punch, Rajauri, Srinagar, Udhampur
		Uttar Pradesh	Almora, Chamoli, Dehradun, Garhwal, Nainital, Pithoragarh, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarkashi
Irrigated	Rice-wheat- based	Bihar	Aurangabad, Begusarai, Bhagalpur, Bhojpur, Darbhanga, Gaya, Gopalganj, Jehanabad, Khagaria, Madhepura, Madhubani, Munger, Muzaffarpur, Nalanda, Newada, Pashchim Champaran, Patna, Purbi Champaran, Purnea, Rohtas, Saharsa, Samastipur, Saran, Siwan, Vaishali
		Haryana	Ambala, Faridabad, Jind, Kaithal, Karnal, Kurukshetra, Panipat, Sonipat
		Punjab	Amritsar, Firozpur, Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Ludhiana, Patiala, Roopnagar, Sangrur
		Uttar Pradesh	Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Azamgarh, Bahraich, Ballia, Barabanki, Bareilly, Basti, Budaun, Bulandshahar, Deoria, Etah, Etawah, Faizabad, Farrukhabad, Fatehpur, Firozabad, Ghazipur, Gonda, Gorakhpur, Hardoi, Jaunpur, Kanpur(Rural and Urban), Kheri, Lucknow, Maharajganj, Mainpuri, Mathura, Mau, Mirzapur, Pilibhit, Pratapgarh, Rae-bareli, Rampur, Shahjahanpur, Siddharthanagar, Sitapur, Sonbhadra, Sultanpur, Unnao, Varanasi
		West Bengal	Bardhaman, Birbhum, Calcutta, Haora, Hugli, Maldah, Murshidabad, Nadia, 24 Parganas (North and South)
	Cotton-wheat- based	Haryana	Bhiwani, Gurgaon, Hissar, Mahendragarh, Rewari, Rohtak, Sirsa
		Punjab	Bhatinda and Faridkot
		Rajasthan	Alwar, Bharatpur, Ganganagar and Jaipur
	Sugarcane-wheat-based	Haryana	Yamunanagar
	Sugarcane-wheat-based	Uttar Pradesh	Bijnor, Ghaziabad, Haridwar, Meerut, Moradabad, Muzaffarnagar, Saharanpur.
Rainfed	Rice-based	Andhra Pradesh	Adilabad, Hyderabad, Karimnagar, Khammam, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizamabad, Rangareddi, Warangal
		Assam	Barpeta, Bongaigaon, Darrang, Dhemji, Dhubri, Dibrugarh, Goalpara, Golaghat, Jorhat, Kamrup, Kokrajhar, Lakhimpur, Marigaon, Nagaon, Nalbari, Sibsagar, Sonitpur, Tinsukia
		Bihar	Deoghar, Dhanbad, Dumka, Giridh, Godda, Gumla, Hazaribag, Katihar, Kishangunj, Lohardagga, Palamu, Singhbhum(East and West), Ranchi, Araria, Sahibganj and Sitamarhi
		Madhya Pradesh	Balaghat, Bastar, Bilaspur, Damoh, Durg, Jabalpur, Mandla, Panna, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, Surguja
		Maharashtra	Bhandara, Gadchiroli
		Orissa	Bolangir, Dhenkanal, Kalahandi, Keonjhar, Koraput, Mayurbhanj, Phulbani, Sambalpur, Sundergarh
		Tamil Nadu	Chidambaranar, Coimbatore, Dindigul Anna, Kamarajar, Madurai, Nilgiri, North Arcot, Pasumpon Thevar, Periyar, Puddukottai, Tiruchirapalli, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai
		West Bengal	Purulia, West Dinajpur, Bankura, Medinapur, Koch Bihar
	Coarse cereal- based	Karnataka	Bangalore, Belgaum, Bellary, Bidar, Bijapur, Chikamagalur, Chitradurga, Dharwad, Gulbarga, Hassan, Kodagu, Kolar, Mandya, Mysore, Raichur, Shimoga, Tumkur
	Coarse cereal- based	Maharashtra	Ahmadnagar, Aurangabad, Beed, Dhule, Nasik, Jalna, Kolhapur, Latur, Osmanabad, Pune, Sangli, Satara and Solapur
	Oilseed-based	Andhra Pradesh	Anantapur, Chittor, Cuddapah, Kurnool
		Gujarat	Amreli, Bhavnagar, Junagarh, Sabarkantha
		Madhya Pradesh	Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, East Nimar, Guna, Gwalior, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Sagar, Sehore, Seoni, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Vidisha, West Nimar
		Rajasthan	Ajmer, Banswara, Bhilwara, Bundi, Chittaurgarh, Dholpur, Dungarpur, Jhalawar, Kota, Sawai Madhopur, Tonk, Udaipur
		Tamil Nadu	Dharmapuri, Salem
		Uttar Pradesh	Banda, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Jhansi, Lalitpur
	Cotton-based	Gujarat	Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Gandhinagar, Kheda, Mehsana, Panch Mahals, Surat, Surendranagar, The Dangs, Vadodara, Valsad
	Cotton-based	Maharashtra	Akola, Amravati, Buldhana, Chandrapur, Jalgaon, Nagpur, Nanded, Parbhani, Wardha, Yeotmal